IMPROVE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP IN THE CURRENT FASHION INDUSTRY (CRM) Essay

IMPROVE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP IN THE CURRENT FASHION INDUSTRY (CRM) - Essay Example Data innovation has quickened the developmental period of client relationship. Numerous CRM programming and data frameworks are accessible today which can be utilized for catching and putting away potential client information which help associations in creating and keeping up client relationship. This report is an endeavor to give far reaching data on innovations utilized by the current day associations for keeping up a solid relationship with their possible clients. Gracefully chain has likewise bolstered associations in improving their relationship building exercises with their clients. Client Relationship Management (CRM) is a thorough methodology received by associations so as to make, keep up, and extend their client base. It has become a fundamental piece of each association and looks for interest from the entirety of the branches of that association. It ought to be noticed the procedure of client base advancement of an association isn't subject to a particular office. Rather it is a technique which must be trailed by the entirety of the offices while building up their departmental plans. It isn't exclusively identified with the IT branch of the association neither one of the its is an action performed by the deals and advertising group (Anderson and Kerr, 2002). Present day business circumstance has constrained associations to patch up their conventional methodologies in order to meet their objective income and deals volume. Significant level of rivalry has become an issue for worldwide level associations as well as for the associations working in the national and local markets. Associations are required to utilize more brilliant strategies for distinguishing and holding their clients. This has additionally made it fundamental for the current day associations to examine their contributions and distinguish their focused on clients. The last is considered as the way to progress as it expands the of the profitability and income age of the

On 31 August 1997, Princess Diana Died Tragically In A Car Crash Drive

On 31 August 1997, Princess Diana kicked the bucket shockingly in an auto accident driven by a smashed chauffer. Her passing was stunning on a few levels. It was rough. It sent those she had contacted through her cause work into crushed grieving, and disheartened millions more who had never met her however who had followed her pained and at times inconvenient existence with the closeness that cutting edge big name manages. This mishap would not have occurred if the driver was not inebriated by liquor. The ongoing figures from Statistics Canada show that there has been a half decrease from 1981 to 1996 in the quantity of Canadians being accused of alcoholic driving. There is a deep rooted distress for the family members of the lethal casualties; additionally, there are cosmic expenses, and issues for recurrent guilty parties. Tanked drivers cause more passings, wounds, and decimation than all killers, muggers, attackers, and burglars joined. At regular intervals, somebody is slaughter ed by a disabled driver. At regular intervals, somebody some place in Canada turns into a casualty to a disabled driver. Consistently, over 45% of all traffic fatalities include liquor. More than 1.700 Canadians pass on every year as the outcome of inebriated drivers. A huge number of dollars are spent every year in court costs, restoration, lost income, human services, and social projects all due to drinking driving mishaps. This cash comes legitimately out of the residents' pockets in assessments and lost income. Transport Canada reports the base misfortune to society because of street mishaps including liquor as: $390,000 per lethal mishaps $310,000 per casualty $12,000 per injury mishaps $3,600 per harmed casualty Almost 30,000 Criminal Code permit suspensions were given in 1992 for drinking driving related charges. More than one-half (59%) were continue drinking driving offenses. Of all suspensions gave for hindered driving, 65% were given for a second or ensuing offense. Accid ents happen more frequently in summer than winter. More than 66% of the accidents happen on ends of the week; one fourth of all accidents occurs on Saturday. Over 66% of drinking driving accidents occur somewhere in the range of 1800hrs and 0300hrs. Each forty-five minutes in Ontario, a driver is associated with a liquor related accident. The profiles of these culprits of this wrongdoing are 90% male in the 25-34 age classification. Individuals drink for some reasons. It is an approach to escape from weight and stress. Additionally, it is an alleviation from enthusiastic and monetary issues. A few people are compelled into drinking by their friends. Drinking is a social angle. It is an acknowledged practice in the business world. A few answers for decrease drinking driving issues are to bring down the blood liquor content (BAC) for the Breathalyzer test. The administration can expand the suspension of licenses from a three-month time span to a more drawn out period, for example, one year. Recurrent guilty parties ought to get a prison sentence. In conclusion, our administration ought to emphatically build the training about liquor misuse and the results of driving under the influence

How did Directed Activities Related to Text come about Essays

How did Directed Activities Related to Text come about Essays How did Directed Activities Related to Text come about Essay How did Directed Activities Related to Text come about Essay Paper Topic: Instruction Customarily optional school understudies replicated from the writing board or from transcription to make a lot of notes that they learned (by heart) for tests. In any case, duplicating things down is a totally detached undertaking requiring minimal mental exertion or association in the exercise. As far reaching schools created during the mid-1970s, classes turned out to be progressively separated with certain understudies for whom expanded composing was a troublesome and disagreeable experience and accordingly a wellspring of nervousness. The initial move towards settling this issue was to set little gathering work utilizing worksheets requiring just short responses to organized inquiries. This appeared to be a practical method to arrange a blended capacity class. Notwithstanding, huge numbers of the primary worksheets depended vigorously on formula style guidelines giving little chance to collaboration with the content or making the students think (Sutton, 1992). Around this time, a case was made for language for learning, or language over the educational program (Bullock Report, 1975). There were worries that the schedules of auxiliary school would permit a few understudies to turn out to be excessively inactive in their learning, with deficient interest on them to reformulate their thoughts, at the end of the day, build their own importance (Sutton, 1992). There built up a need to determine clashing requests for occupied science educators to oversee functional function admirably, yet in addition to arrange a scope of other language-focused exercises (on the same page. ). An undertaking depicted in Lunzer and Gardner (1979) recommended that aloof perusing happened when perusing errands were dubious and general, as opposed to explicit, and where perusing was singular instead of shared. This venture created exercises and strategies that made understudies center around significant pieces of content, and included them in considering the substance also called DARTs (Henderson and Wellington, 1998). What were the ramifications for the study hall? It was not simply a question of adding a book based action to every exercise, it additionally implied an adjustment in demeanor in how educators connected with understudies in science exercises. Science encouraging today is viewed as a procedure of encouraging learning better approaches for seeing and talking. The methods accessible are mostly through experience, (for example, down to earth work) and incompletely phonetic (composed work and conversation), and both create what the student finds in their brains eye (Sutton, 1992). What are the qualities and impediments of DARTs? Present-day DARTs offer a lot of assortment of undertakings, and are intended to make students think more effectively as opposed to adhering to a lot of guidelines (see Appendix II) and in this way offer a priceless instrument to the instructor. Students can develop an assortment of them into a record of their work. Not many reading material precisely spread the material as required by the educator and, except if they have kept their own record, in what manner will the students overhaul their work? Notes as DARTs, from which the students make tables or name graphs and so on rovide an exact record. Any exercise time invested replicating is dead energy (nothing worth mentioning at making a class think). On the off chance that we utilize this dead time for a DART, students will have the content and will have started to develop their own thoughts of it. Their composing time is in this way more profitably and imaginatively spent. DARTs can be utilized to test childrens comprehension of ho w ideas are connected rather that the importance of words. For instance, the broadly utilized Cloze strategy intends to guarantee that understudies read the sentence with enough comprehension to flexibly the missing word. To guarantee the learning is dynamic, the working words are excluded from the content (e. g. into, have, make, for) in this manner requiring the student to comprehend the idea (dynamic) as opposed to simply filling in the words by their significance (inactive). During my school position, I had the chance of making and conveying DARTs to Year 9 students (see Appendix II for models). Notwithstanding the qualities of assortment, recording and dynamic learning, I experienced a few different points of interest of utilizing DARTs. For instance, encouraging National Curriculum science is by definition a packed motivation. There is minimal extra time and in this manner each exercise minute must be treated as valuable, and should be deliberately arranged (regardless of whether it is for functional, composed work, conversation, critical thinking and so forth). Duplicating enormous pieces of content or tables is tedious and allows for dynamic learning. Utilizing DARTs empowered me to invest more energy in the learning targets. Utilizing DARTs dodged an excessive amount of chalk and talk and guaranteed the class remained occupied with the exercise. Also, a reward advantage was that a DART practice settled enthusiastic classes (especially worth recalling as a learner educator). At long last, and essentially, a quality which must be watched direct the students delighted in DARTs. In spite of the considerable number of qualities of DARTs, there are constraints to the procedure. For instance, it is simple for worksheets of any sort to be disposed of or lost after use and the understudy not to view them as having esteem. For instance, during my school position, any worksheets ought to have been stuck into understudy scratch pad during the exercise. Be that as it may, in any class I saw there were definitely in any event 2 students who had overlooked their note pads and hence their worksheets stayed free at the base of their school packs or in the class plate until the next week, or more regrettable, deserted on the floor of the lab. Plainly there are authoritative and the board issues which should be tended to. Successful utilization of DARTs requires a perceived (by student and educator) framework for keeping DART records. Cloze content can experience the ill effects of the issue that understudies will in general need to locate the missing word without understanding the content which it is the reason it is shrewd to overlook the working words. Since every understudy needs their very own duplicate, it might be smarter to change over cloze content into mixed content, which requires all the more understanding and less speculating. There can be normal troubles with perusing. For example understudies regularly can't identify with the kind of science writings utilized in school as far as language and style or the class could include a wide scope of understanding ages. There are three issues with utilizing separates from reading material. First the composing might be excessively troublesome. The least difficult recipe that quantifies the clarity of writings is the SMOG test (see Appendix III). On the off chance that the book has short sentences and hardly any long words it is simpler to peruse and along these lines a low perusing age score. Any DART should be custom fitted to the perusing age of the student. A subsequent issue is that the subject substance may not accommodate your necessities precisely and schools are regularly restricted in the scope of content that they can offer students. The third issue is that DARTs may present challenges for ESL understudies. Accordingly the individual education capacities in a class must be viewed as when choosing DARTs for use in an exercise.

The League of Nations

The League of Nations was an international organization that existed between 1920 and 1946. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the League of Nations vowed to promote international cooperation and preserve global peace. The League achieved some success, but it ultimately was unable to prevent the even deadlier World War II. The League of Nations was the predecessor to todays more effective United Nations. Goals of the Organization World War I (1914-1918) had caused the deaths of at least 10 million soldiers and millions of civilians. The Allied victors of the war wanted to form an international organization that would prevent another horrific war. American President Woodrow Wilson was especially instrumental in formulating and advocating the idea of a League of Nations. The League arbitrated disputes between member countries in order to peacefully preserve sovereignty and territorial rights. The League encouraged countries to reduce their amount of military weapons. Any country that resorted to war would be subject to economic sanctions such as a halt to trade. Member Countries   The League of Nations was founded in 1920 by forty-two countries. At its height in 1934 and 1935, the League had 58 member countries. The member countries of the League of Nations spanned the globe and included most of Southeast Asia, Europe, and South America. At the time of the League of Nations, nearly all of Africa consisted of colonies of Western powers. The United States never joined the League of Nations because the largely isolationist Senate refused to ratify the Leagues charter. The official languages of the League were English, French, and Spanish. Administrational Structure The League of Nations was administrated by three main bodies. The Assembly, composed of representatives from all member countries, met annually and discussed the priorities and budget of the organization. The Council was composed of four permanent members (Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan) and several non-permanent members who were elected by the permanent members every three years. The Secretariat, led by a Secretary-General, monitored many of the humanitarian agencies described below. Political Success The League of Nations was successful in preventing several small wars. The League negotiated settlements to territorial disputes between Sweden and Finland, Poland and Lithuania, and Greece and Bulgaria. The League of Nations also successfully administered the former colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire, including Syria, Nauru, and Togoland, until they were ready for independence. Humanitarian Success   The League of Nations was one of the worlds first humanitarian organizations. The League created and directed several agencies that were meant to improve the living conditions of the worlds people. The League: aided refugeestried to end slavery and the drug tradeset standards on working conditionsconstructed better transportation and communications networksgave financial assistance and advice to some member countriesadministered the Permanent Court of International Justice (precursor to todays International Court of Justice)tried to prevent malnutrition and diseases such as leprosy and malaria (precursor to todays World Health Organization)promoted culture preservation and scientific advancement (precursor to todays UNESCO). Political Failures The League of Nations was unable to enforce many of its own regulations because it did not have a military. The League did not stop several of the most significant events that led to World War II. Examples of League of Nations failures include: the 1935 invasion of Ethiopia by Italythe annexation of the Sudetenland and Austria by Germanythe invasion of Manchuria (the northeastern Chinese province) by Japan in 1932 The Axis countries (Germany, Italy, and Japan) withdrew from the League because they refused to comply with the Leagues order to not militarize. The End of the Organization The members of the League of Nations knew that many changes within the organization had to occur after World War II. The League of Nations was disbanded in 1946. An improved international organization, the United Nations, was carefully discussed and formed, based on many of the political and social goals of the League of Nations. Lessons Learned The League of Nations had the diplomatic, compassionate goal of generating permanent international stability, but the organization was unable to avert conflicts which would ultimately change human history. Thankfully the worlds leaders realized the Leagues shortcomings and reinforced its objectives in the modern-day successful United Nations.

Marketing Non-Green Products in a Green-Conscious World Research Proposal

Essays on Marketing Non-Green Products in a Green-Conscious World Research Proposal The paper â€Å"Marketing Non-Green Products in a Green-Conscious World† is an exciting variant of research proposal on marketing. The general subject area of â€Å"green marketing† encompasses a vast array of topics and study disciplines which have been researched extensively. Given the breadth of the subject, the challenge in designing a new research project is in finding a focus  that is both sufficiently narrow and original, so that the research can produce a practical result that adds to the existing body of knowledge.In preparing this research proposal, a number of questions immediately come to mind: How do green brands affect buyer behaviour? Can ‘non-green’ brands compete in a retail market of increasingly ‘green-conscious’ consumers? Should traditionally ‘non-green’ retailers consider a more green approach in promoting their products, and if so, how? Thus, this research will focus on an aspect of green marketing that has largely been overlooked by previous studies: Much work has been done on the marketing of ‘green’ products, but very little if any has been done on the impact of ‘green-consciousness’ on products that neither presents themselves as green nor are regarded as such by consumers.Even if it is assumed that environmentally-friendly ‘green’ products are superior to ‘non-green’ products and are preferred by consumers, there are products that for various reasons cannot be made ‘green’. The UK grocery market is a very good area in which to study the effects of green-consciousness on non-green products, because a large variety of competing products are presented to the consumer at once, often without much differentiation; a household cleaner touted as ecologically-friendly may share shelf space with a comparable chemical-based product that makes no similar claim, for example. If the consumer chooses the green product, what is his motivation for doing so? Is that motivation based more on the ‘green’ attributes of the product or more on the rejection of the ‘non-green’ aspects of the other? Are there other motivations, such as price or perceptions of product quality, that inform the consumer’s choice, and to what degree? Are these behaviours by the consumer applied uniformly to choices amongst a variety of products, and if not, why? And most importantly, how can the answers to these questions be put to practical use by-product marketers? Answering this last question will be the main objective of this proposed research.Background Relevant LiteraturePeattie and Crane (2005) peg the start of the green marketing phenomenon in the late 1980s, marked by a surge in green marketing efforts by businesses and a corresponding increase in academic research on the subject. The sheer volume of research on the subject is impressive; a casual search for â€Å"green marketing UK† in th e Emerald database returns nearly 3,000 academic articles or books. In addition, there are thousands of non-academic resources available on the Internet. Clearly, green marketing is a hot topic. A preliminary review of the literature and other resources, reflected by the example reference list at the end of this paper, reveals that research and commentary on green marketing can be divided between two broad categories: Marketing Strategy and Application, and Consumer Behaviour. These two subject areas are far from being mutually-exclusive; consumer behaviour determines marketing strategy, which in turn modifies consumer behaviour in an endless cycle of cause-and-effect. Nonetheless, to impose some sort of effective organisation on the present research, it is helpful to discuss these subject areas separately.

Clinical Research Investigator

Question: Describe about the major responsibilities of a clinical research investigator? Answer: Introduction: Clinical research is a research which requires group of people to examine the safety, tolerance, dose and action of a drug. Clinical research obeys a pre- planned protocol. Clinical trial is also known as clinical research. A clinical investigator regulates the full method of clinical research. And the clinical investigator is responsible for all the process. Clinical investigators have so many responsibilities. And the investigator should follow them to get a perfect and appropriate result of the clinical research. It is mandatory to check and follow the plan of clinical research because a fail of clinical research means wastage of huge money. So all the member who are associated to clinical research should have enough knowledge to achieve the goal. Body: The clinical investigators regulate good clinical practice. The clinical investigators prepare a design of the clinical research and also maintain the quality of the clinical research. A good clinical practice is delivered by International Conference of Harmonization Guidelines (investigator responsibilities - regulation and clinical trials, 2015). Good Clinical Practice is a standard for conduct, monitoring, design, performance, reporting, auditing of clinical trials that produces guarantee that the reported results and data are believable and precise. The design of clinical trial certifies the integrity and quality of data which are assembled in clinical trial and also secures the safety, rights and welfare of participants of research. The whole clinical research is performed in the supervision of the clinical investigator. The clinical research investigator is an independent person who actually organizes a clinical research. By the instant direction the new drug is distribut ed to a subject (Guidance for Industry Investigator Responsibilities Protecting the Rights, Safety, and Welfare of Study Subjects, 2015). The investigation is regulated by a team of persons and the head is the clinical research investigator in the whole team. The investigator is also responsible for each of the opinion of the whole team. The investigator conducts and begins the investigations. The clinical research investigator has the power to control and stop the research immediately. The clinical research investigator should have appropriate knowledge to perform, conduct, design, monitoring the whole research. It is the responsibility of the clinical research investigator to supervise and conduct the research process. The investigator should inform the subject initially that it is the investigational process of new drug development. The clinical research investigator has some general responsibilities, and also they control the drug which is used for the research (Ccr.med.keio.ac .jp, 2015). It is the responsibility of the clinical research investigator to keep the record and hold the record for further investigation. The clinical research investigator should maintain the sufficient record of the character of the drug. It is the responsibility of clinical research investigator to keep all clinical data and also precise case history. The investigator should maintain the data appropriate to the investigation on each person administered and also investigational drug which is used as control (Baer et al., 2011). An investigator is needed to preserve all the clinical record data. The clinical trial data are preserved for two years because two years are required for the approval of the marketing application for the investigational drugs. The drug is investigated for the approval of marketing application. After two years the investigation is terminated if the marketing application is not approved. There are four investigator reports. And the reports are safety repo rts, progress report, final report and financial disclosure. It is the responsibility of the investigator to cover any adverse effects that is shocking or life threatening or serious or surprising. The clinical research investigator punctually covers any adverse event which is caused by the drug (roles and responsibilities in clinical trial, 2015). The clinical research investigator responsibilities are control of investigational drug, record holding and keeping and report forming. The clinical research investigator is disqualificated if the frequently intentional failure is observed. So the responsibility of the investigator is very important. Food and Drug Administration delivers a notice to the clinical research investigator and gives a chance to explain. Conclusion: The responsibility of the clinical research investigator is very crucial. And the clinical research investigator is responsible for the whole process (Nichd.nih.gov, 2015). A set of people or a specific person in required in clinical research. Their actions or tissues are needed for the study of clinical research. So the full method is very critical to handle. And the responsibility of a investigator is very important because the whole method of clinical research depends on the clinical research investigator. A predefined procedure or a master plan is needed for developing a clinical research. And this predefined procedure or master plan is created by the clinical research investigator. So the responsibility of the clinical research investigator is very important and significant. References: Baer, A., Devine, S., Beardmore, C. and Catalano, R. (2011). Clinical Investigator Responsibilities.Journal of Oncology Practice, 7(2), pp.124-128. Ccr.med.keio.ac.jp, (2015).Module 3: Investigator Role Responsibilities. [online] Available at: https://www.ccr.med.keio.ac.jp/e_learning/UM_E-Learning_US/mod03/index.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Guidance for Industry Investigator Responsibilities Protecting the Rights, Safety, and Welfare of Study Subjects. (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/UCM187772.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. investigator responsibilities - regulation and clinical trials. (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Training/ClinicalInvestigatorTrainingCourse/UCM283301.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Nichd.nih.gov, (2015).Clinical Trials Clinical Research. [online] Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/clinicalresearch/Pages/index.aspx [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. roles and responsibilities in clinical trial. (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.centerwatch.com/pdfs/s11604_ch4.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015].

Impact of advertisments on consumer free essay sample

Introduction: Being part of marketing process, advertising is nowadays rampant in every organization. In order for an organization to be successful, major chunks of their capital have to be invested in making advertisements. No company can become a market leader if they do not invest a lot in their promotion (Hussainy et al., 2008). The fact cannot be denied of advertising, being taken as another effective approach towards gaining competitive advantage. Media and papers are flooded with numerous advertising concepts about its essential role in creating the image of the product in the mind of consumers. The fact remains that advertising is one best approach among all marketing efforts (Katke, 2007). Marketing is used to make customers aware of your products and services and is a promotional tool. This tool is used for the need to communicate end users. History shows that different symbols were used for the awareness and promotion of products but its different in the modern world . We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of advertisments on consumer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been found that applying marketing and its strategies result not only in gaining consumers trust but also, the organization enjoys advantages of market share. Before actually advertising their advertisements, marketers must need to have a know how about the buying behavior of customers for having positive impact on their target audience. The aim of analyzing consumer behavior is to know about those factors which influence customers in specific situations for example in monetary aspect (Ayanwale et al., 2005). It is therefore important on part of the marketer to understand the needs of consumers, their target audience, likes and dislikes of consumers and time slot for which the advertisement will be on aired, while creating any advertisement. Advertisements must be attractive enough to let consumer not only identify the product but also retain it in their mind. The advertisements have an impact on thought, assessment and purchases (Romaniuk and Sharp, 2004). It is not important that if any consumer watches any advertisement he will go and buy it immediately but what actually important is that the consumer definitely considers that brand before purchasing the product. Advertising does the role of reminding consumers of the brand as it is only through advertisements that the consumers are able to connect with the organization.  Hierarchy-of-effects model says that affect of advertising results in the recognition of brand and the advertisement, which results in formation of attitude towards the advertisement and brand ultimately leading to buying decision (Mendelson and Bolls, 2002). Effect of advertising on consumers according to Will Rogers: â€Å"Advertising is the art of convincing people to spend money they don’t have for something they don’t need† Objective of our research: The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of advertisement on consumer brand choices. The result of this study will be addition of new information in our current marketing knowledge. Literature review: For achieving success, organizations nowadays, search for number of options. In order to gain competitive advantage companies are not only using research and development but are also training people and using various technologies. In order to keep the loyalty of the consumer, organizations view simple marketing concept as a valuable approach. Advertising is therefore thought to be the leading weapon to beat competitors in the modern world. Advertisements: Philip Kotler (1988) views Advertising as: â€Å"It consist of non personal form of communication conducted through paid media under clear sponsorship† Advertising acts as a link between a person who has something to offer and the other one who buys it. It also helps sellers reach customers with the information which ought to be provided (Sakren, 1990). Advertising gives the knowledge about the product and develops ideas about the product in consumers mind (Morden, 1991).Both the authors are therefore of the view that Advertisement is a major source for consumer to get detailed information about the product but it is not necessary that every product needs to get advertised , as is the case with many such products like Mercedes, Rolls Royce, who have sufficient confidence that consumers are well aware of their products. Advertising has influenced our lives since its beginning and has had always been a great influence on the buying patterns of the consumers (Wright, Warner winter, 1971; Wells, Burnett Moriarty 1995; Ju gneheimer Whiet 1980). Advertising  aims towards maintaining positive response towards advertisement and the brand till customer buys that product and through this constructive response developing an emotional attitude in consumers mind. Advertisements should be aimed to develop a positive feeling because positive feelings towards advertisement help customers in remembering the product in contrast with those advertisements creating negative feelings. (Goldsmith and Lafferty,2002) .Positive feeling about the product may attract the consumer once but if it’s inferior quality disappoints him ,no matter how much positive feeling there is for the ad ,consumer won’t buy the product again. Therefore, for long term relationship, effective advertisement and good quality should move side by side. Advertising aims at building satisfaction in consumers’ minds. It makes consumers aware of their needs and wants and through that, present them with the available products which would satisfy them, tell them ways of how to spend their money and leave it on their will to buy or not buy the offer (Kotler, 1993).Kotler has been clear in defining the responsibility of marketing team to provide accurate and detailed information in a catchy way and make consumers realize that this is what they want. Consumer buying behavior: Research claims that personality is a key factor effecting consumer buying behavior. (Engel, Blackwell Miniard, 1986). . The audience must get what the advertiser has in his mind. This would prove the advertisement to be a success and would lead the consumer in buying a product (Clow Back, 2002). Arens (1996) comments about advertisements to be extremely informative as they inform the customers about the features and attributes of product which ultimately results in the formation of rational brand preference of consumer toward the product. Advertisers’ foremost aim is to reach their target audience in order to attract them in lieu of which they spend a lot of money. To achieve this goal marketers need to understand consumer behavior which involves understanding all the mental and emotional processes of the people who buy goods and services to fulfill their needs and wants. Understanding Consumer buying behavior is a key towards a successful advertisement campaign as has been well said by Arens. Understanding the consumer buying behavior would involve a deep study of consumer psychological processes and the eight stages of their buying decision  process. Goldsmith and Lafferty (2002) illustrate that consumers will purchase the product only when they watch an advertisement and develop a likeness for it. Caciappo, Haughtveat and Petty (1992) point out that consumers not only themselves get influenced by the advertisements but also they have an impact on their friends , spouse and relatives. Goldsmith and lafferty, unlike Caciappo, Haughtveat et al. believe that advertisements are the only source to get information about the product . In contrast, the other three also support word of mouth acquired from friend and relatives. Rook (1987) aptly describe consumers’ buying decisions are solely based on ease rather than ways that are most favorable and they intend to find ways that would be easier rather than complications of buying process. Effects of advertising on buying behavior: Russell and Lane (1996) observe that numerous organizations believe advertisements to be a magic as they modify consumer behavior about the product in the market. Marketing activities affect consumer behavior both internally and externally. Consumers’ perceptions are strongly influenced by their continuous disclosure to advertisements (Bergh, Bruce Katz, 1999). Advertising has great affects on the buying decisions of the customers. They affect consumers’ knowledge by giving out information and portraying personality and life style of consumers (David, 2001). Another source tells us that Radio commercials play an important part in affecting listeners’ interest on products and Services (Rajagopal, 2011) .However in current times we see that radio advertisements prove not to be that effective as this media is not exposed to much of the consumers. According to the above school of thoughts, advertisements provide information which may be of use for the end users, but in actual they only provide that portion of information which somehow benefits them and the rest of it remains hidden. Advertisements as an effective emotional influencer: Hsu and Mo, (2009) found this out, that when involvement was increased, consumers’ attention towards the advertisements that were related to the products’, also increased. There is a positive relation between frequency of advertisements shown and emotional responses of consumers (Bezijian et al., 2008) .In contrast Brassington and Pettitt, (2001) views are: For the  consumer to develop an emotional response towards the product it is important that the advertising is equally emotional. According to Carrigan and Attala (2001), advertisements that are made in accordance with the social and environmental conditions result in the increase of buyers’ demand for products. Advertisements may act as a stimulus for consumers who may or may not purchase the product in response to it. Stimulus could be either the four P’s that is product, price, place or promotion or it could be economical, technological etc. buyers may also have an internal stimulus which might be occupation, personality etc. All these stimuli have great effects on consumers’ buying decisions (Kollat and Willett, 1967). It has been rightly viewed by Kollat and Willett that economic and technological conditions do have an impact on buying decisions of consumers. For instance, the new technology has left behind with it, radio and news paper. As from the economic perspective, we see that consumers nowadays do not respond to tourism advertisement because due to current recession people cannot afford such leisure activities. Advertisements may not always result in the purchase of a certain product for instance, a viewer might watch the advertisement and make a decision not to buy a snowmobile but rather learn from the advertisement that snowmobile is a fun thing to do and is a socially approved amusement.(Anonoymus,1978). This might not result in the purchase of snowmobile by himself but his positive word of mouth may get others to buy the product. Negative approach of advertisers: A report suggests that various advertising methods including behavioural advertising, profiling, geolocalization, mobile phone advertisements and various other advertisements on social networking sites are an ‘ATTACK’ on the privacy of consumers unless consumers have consented to on it. (Anonymous, 2010). This phenomenon is observed in the current times as many private companies buy highly confidential information(mobile numbers, addresses) in return for little amount of money from banks or cellular companies. The purpose of television product advertisements is to induce a purchase. But, in thirty seconds of sight and sound, each advertisement conveys numerous messages which may extend far beyond the product impacting moral values and wishes of one’s’ society. Some may even mislead on vital purchasing decisions. (Anonoymus, 1978). This view carries weight as it can  be clearly observed in Pakistani Detergent advertisements which are encouraging children to get themselves muddy by portraying that dirt is good. How advertisements make audience develop inferiority complex: A recent study has found out that advertisers’ use of extra ordinarily attractive males and females in their ads make women and men alike feel inferior and old for which they try hard to look and appear as good as those portrayed in the magazines and ads. This greatly affects their buying patterns (Hawkins, Best, Coney 1998). The above thoughts are utterly in compliance with the current times. Nowadays, people not only observe the models using the specific product in the advertisement but they actually believe that their lives can be revolutionized by using that product which sometimes adversely affects their mental and family status. Effective advertisements are: Belch Belch (1998) illustrate that advertisements that are effectively communicated, guide the customer in the direction of the purchasing of brand. Bucklin, Randolph and Lattin (1991) claim that good brand advertisements attract customers who then as a result do their shopping in accordance with these brand advertisements. The effective advertising campaign of leading retail companies show that advertisements produce sizeable excitement among consumers and increase volume of sales.(Rajagopal, 2011) Advertising encourages people to purchase things and hence contribute towards creating awareness ( Bijmolt et al., 1998).

Analytical Essay Sample on Lord of the Flies by William Golding

Analytical Essay Sample on Lord of the Flies by William Golding Lord of the Flies by William Golding was written just after World War II. It is the classic story of a group of boys stranded on an island attempting to build a society. The Lord of the Flies has faced its share of criticism from many writers. One such writer, R.C. Townsend, criticizes Golding’s work in â€Å"The Lord of the Flies: Fool’s Gold†. Townsend argues that children should not be reading Golding’s work because his views on the defects of human nature are ludicrous. Also, he argues that Golding contradicts his main theme in the conclusion of novel. Despite Townsend’s criticism, Lord of the Flies should be a required reading because it expresses the opinions of many people who have lived through World War II. One of Townsend’s main points was that The Lord of the Flies attempts to convert children to Golding’s way of thinking. He says about Golding, â€Å"he is†¦exploiting the thousands of students who are committed to the book† (2). Townsend truly believes that if a person is young and unwise he/she will take on the views of the author that he/she reads. In addition, he believes that the people who assign the book to students are guilty like Golding for sending out the wrong messages. He says, â€Å"teachers of literature and political science†¦have contributed greatly. It is they, after all, who assign the book and it seems that the book was first read (and still is read) as a required reading† (2). Teachers can assign the book because students should be able to analyze whether the thesis is correct or not. Townsend’s criticism fails to consider several important points. The Lord of the Flies does not necessarily cause students to have a negative view of the human race. Once one reaches a certain age he/she develops his/her own opinions. Some, like Golding, believe that one is prone to violence, while others believe that with some direction one can be naturally good. Also, Townsend fails to acknowledge that the book is not assigned to young students. It is a required reading, when one is able to comprehend the main theme of the book and determine whether it is right or wrong. Furthermore, Townsend’s point that any book or magazine brainwashes a student is ridiculous. For example history at LHS teaches us about the communist perspective. We learn that government controls production in a society that teaches group interest over self interest. A student at LHS does not necessarily support the ideals of communism after reading about it. Almost everything a person reads will mo st definitely be written in a slanted point of view. Townsend fails to see that students are vulnerable to the views of elders, which is not true. Another main point made by Townsend was that Golding’s conclusion to Lord of the Flies did not support his thesis. Golding’s thesis was that man is naturally born with defects, prone to violence and corruption. The conclusion occurrs when the savage boys, led by Jack and Roger, chase Ralph attempting to kill him while burning down the island. While Ralph runs his life he maintains a panicky feeling as his heart pumps a thousand times per second when all of a sudden, out of the blue, he runs into a naval officer. The naval officer claims to have seen the smoke from the savage fire, indicating rescue. Townsend is clearly dissatisfied with the ending. In his editorial he points out, â€Å"We are still relieved that the book ends†¦far less unhappily than it might have had Golding either carried its fable out to the conclusion that would be most natural to it or followed the implications of his thesis to the end†(3). According to Townsend, the best way for Goldin g to support his conclusion would be to carry out the ending letting Ralph die. Because Ralph continues to live, he prevents more attackings by the savages, which contradicts Golding’s thesis that man would be prone to even more violence. On this issue, Townsend makes a valid point. The conclusion does not support the thesis. In the conclusion, Ralph, a good natured boy, runs for his life against the savage boys. To his luck he runs into a British Naval officer. The conclusion raises a battle between good and evil. If good defeats evil, then further violence will be prevented. On the other hand, if evil defeats good, violence is inevitable. According to Golding’s thesis, man is naturally prone to violence. By running into the British naval officer, Ralph defeats the evil in all of the boys when they are reminded of their civilized past in Britain. Ralph prevents further violence, as his life is no longer in danger. The ending to the violence contradicts Golding’s theme that man will naturally be violent. Also the fact that a British naval officer rescues the boys and not a German naval officer coincides with this point. It is another example of how good defeats evil. The British had an alliance with the Allies, who prevented the Germans from militarily or violently conquering the world Golding could have supported his thesis in the conclusion better by showing a continuation of violence with the death of Ralph. J.C. Townsend may criticize every aspect of Golding’s book, but Golding had to do something right in his book, otherwise it would not have been a bestseller. The book maintains the reader’s attention as the novel progresses with a lot of action from the meeting to introduce the idea of the rescue fire to the power struggle between Ralph and Jack. Although Townsend feels that conclusion was dissatisfying because Golding’s thesis was not supported, what conclusion to a novel satisfies a reader? No matter how the writer ends the novel there will always be readers who want a happy ending or readers who want a realistic ending. Furthermore, Townsend points out that Golding wrote a happy ending to his novel. Golding could have wanted to end the novel on a good note without realizing he would cause much controversy. This is one reason Townsend mentions that the book should be banned from schools. On the other hand it is important to read the works of people whose views are much different than ours. Golding lived during a time of war, which could have put the world into a different perspective for him.

Strategic Management and the Health Care Facility Essay

Strategic Management and the Health Care Facility - Essay Example In order to build a template for interview, it was necessary to conduct preliminary research into certain strategic issues which might be present in a variety of health care settings. Two health care professionals identify that the hands of health care workers can spread â€Å"both normal and pathological microorganisms† and is the â€Å"main route of infection spread† (Green-McKenzie and Caruso, 2006, p.57). This led to the development of interview questions dealing with the potential risks of worker-to-patient infection spreads to induce discussion from the participant about this aspect of health care delivery and patient liability.  The Senior Risk Manager advised that these types of problems are present in most health care settings, with the hospital administration continuously having to work within guidelines from multiple regulatory forces (such as the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention). With there always being a risk of transmitting dangerous infections or diseases from worker to patient, part of the risk manager’s role is to procure literature on the subject, coordinate the distribution of alcohol-based hand rubs, and ensure compliance to certain individual staff guidelines on clean health care delivery. In this role, the risk manager also works on various informative programs for community citizens regarding better hygiene in the home and professional environment as part of the hospital’s growing focus on sending the public image of a socially-conscious organization. Thus, at the senior level, it would seem that in-house sanitation and community hygiene and the promotion of better health care are regular concerns and considerations.  It is not only disease transmission concerns at the strategic level which cause concern, it is also the safe and accurate administration of medication to patients. It was identified that there have been several instances of patients receiving incorrect dosages due to illegible documen ts which were translated incorrectly. This represents a problem with physician quality-of-service. As part of this risk assessment, it was decided at this facility that sloppy physician writing was a reality of patient care, thus instead of reprimanding physicians, the hospital installed a new, touch-screen system for patient care. This was designed to improve the communications between physicians and support staff and also ensure that the hospital was reducing its potential liability for accurate medication dosing. â€Å"For many years, medication errors have been a source of serious concern within the health care community† (Skiba, 2006, p.70).

Technology Sector Privite Equity and a New Speculative Bubble Term Paper - 1

Technology Sector Privite Equity and a New Speculative Bubble - Term Paper Example According to US securities law, a private company is not permitted to have more than 500 individual investors without making its financial information public. Being a private company, Facebook is not required by the SEC to share financial information with investors at this time. In this paper, we will take a look at the history and features of speculative bubbles including the technology bubble of the late nineties (dot com bust) in an attempt to use economic data to analyze today’s environment to detect the presence of a bubble and its potential impacts. Speculative bubbles have long fascinated and puzzled economists across many time periods. From the original Tulip Mania of the 1630’s to the Dot- Com bubble of the late nineties, these phenomena have kept economists on their toes for centuries, in trying to pin down substantive causative agents that are responsible for the swift increase in the market values of particular assets. Till today, experts have been unable to chalk down exact reasons for the emergence of such bubbles as they can rise up even in the most predictable markets; where the market participants can very accurately calculate the intrinsic value of the assets and where speculation plays no part in the actual valuation process. What is the origin of bubbles? Simply put, speculative bubbles are caused by â€Å"precipitating factors† that have the ability to bring about a change in the public’s perception about the value of an asset and about the future prospects of that asset, which can have an im mediate impact on demand (Shiller , 2000) One of the most famous economists of all time, John Maynard Keynes pointed out in his book â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†, that abrupt and immediate stock price changes have their roots in the â€Å"collective crowd behavior† of the various market agents more than anything else and that in almost all such scenarios, these rises in prices have

Integration of Evidence-Based Practice Into Professional Nursing Practice Essay Example for Free

Integration of Evidence-Based Practice Into Professional Nursing Practice Essay In this paper we will discuss the integration of evidence based practice into professional nursing practice. Scott McSherry (2008) define evidence based practice as the combination of individual, clinical, or professional expertise with the best available external evidence to produce practice that is most likely to lead to positive outcomes for a patient. Despite literature surrounding what evidence based nursing is and isn’t, nurses struggle to get evidence into practice. Many reasons have been reported including a lack of understanding about evidence based nursing means. Scott McSherry (2008) also define evidence based nursing is a process by which nurses make clinical decisions using the best available research evidence, their clinical expertise and patient outcomes. We will also discuss nursing’s simultaneous reliance on and critique of EBP in the context of critical reasoning. There will also be discussion of a study done that examined the effects of integrating evidence based practice into clinical practicum among RN-BSN students and the limitations of evidence based practice and an alternate view of decision making. Lastly we will discuss evidence that challenges the traditional practice regarding injection sites (Cocoman Murray 2010). According to Guem et al. (2010) evidenced based practice is a problem solving approach to clinical care that incorporates the conscious us of the current best available evidence, a clinician’s expertise, and the patient values. Evidence for evidence based practice does not always rely on research findings. Sources used can include research findings, clinical experience, quality improvement data, logical reasoning, recognized authority, and client satisfaction, situation, experience, and value (Leddy Pepper 2008 p. 66). On the contrary evidence based nursing is essential because of its potential to save time and money and improve patient outcomes by decreasing costs, through standardizing and streamlining costs (Scott McSherry 2008). It is important o understand the difference between evidence based practice and evidence based nursing because at times they are used interchangeably. Scott McSherry (2008) state that the nursing practice has welcomed EBP but when it comes to EBN, it is still yet to come reality because the concept is much unsophisticated and can lead to problems associated with its use and misuse. EBN is merely a construct and has yet to be successfully implemented (Scott McSherry 2008). In essence the dilemma with EBN is that we don’t really know the definition of nursing. Although there are problems with the definition we know that clinical judgment is one of the major concepts used in nursing thus it reinforces the notion of EBP and ultimately EBP. To advance the profession and ensure solid standards of practice, we should look beyond evidence based practice, while useful in implementation it is just one of many other component parts (Jutel 2008). Evidence based practice is like the new black in nursing practice and already occupies a prominent position, several international nursing organizations support its use as a strategic action in the advancement of the profession. Despite the emphasis on EBP, there is also a strong opposition to it, not with the actual use of EBP being a problem but with the fundamentals on which it stands. These arguments complain of the veracity of the criteria used in EBP which simultaneously undermines and cannot support EBP (Jutel 2008). If it had not been for the cultural turn which recognized that things are not always as they seem or that power, society, and culture contribute as much as science to generating knowledge, the debate about EBP would have never surfaced (Jutel 2008). Although nurses argue against EBP, they lack important tools necessary to replace EBP. â€Å"Nursing education places high value on authority and adherence to clinical protocols, rather than on skills† (Jutel, 2008. P. 419). Opponents of EBP suggests that development of clinical practice guidelines, critical care pathways, and protocols may actually interfere and entice practitioners to develop somewhat of a cookbook recipe attitude to client care (Leddy Pepper 2010). With quality improvement being rooted in industrial production, perhaps standardization may not be as desirable because patients have unique needs and characteristics the may be overlooked when adhering to strict clinical practice guidelines. Nursing adopts a devoted and somewhat naive trust when assessing information, we are quick to accept the truths of a peer reviewed article, drug company propaganda, and quick to accept an argument on inconsistencies of EBP. The tools EBP claims to own, are incredibly useful, however, are not tools of EBP; they are critical skills of information appraisal. As evidence based practice rapidly replaces the traditional paradigm of healthcare decision making, health care members have an obligation to access knowledge, apply it in practice, and lead others to use it appropriately (Geum et al. 010 p. 387). For example RN-BSN programs; these are adult students who have clinical knowledge and skill, structured background and educational preparation and employment experience but have not taken a formal research course, thus they show less confidence to include evidence based practice in their practices because these are courses that are not common outside a baccalaureate curriculum. To examine the effectiveness of the integration of EBP into a clinical practicum a study was done among Korean RN-BSN students. The main goals were to enhance students’ competencies for EBP knowledge skills and attitudes and to expose students to opportunities that would encourage the use of best evidence (Geum et al. 2008). Each student was instructed to define patients nursing problems for their individually assigned patient and to formulate nursing problems using the EBP question format, PICO, which we discussed earlier in the semester, to select the nursing intervention for the problems posed. Before the EBP practicum, the overall and individual scores for EBP efficacy among RN-BSN students indicated that students were â€Å"a little confident† regarding the EBP process (Geum et al. 2008, p. 389). Results of this study indicate that integration of EBP into an RN-BSN clinical practicum had a positive effect on EBP efficacy and decreased barriers to research utilization among students in Korea, which also corroborates with studies conducted in other countries. Evidence based practice is a learned set of skills thus critical thinking is vital in developing evidence based nursing practice (Geum et al. 2008). Regardless if the evidence on complications, nurses in clinical settings still continue to use and instruct nursing students on the use of dorsogluteal injection sites as the site of choice for intramuscular injections (Cocoman Murray 2010). So, where should an intramuscular (IM) injection be given? Nurses have traditionally used the dorsogluteal, but recent literature has advocated the ventrogluteal site. Choosing sites has been a matter of personal preference, rather than the results of evidence based practice. Slow uptake of medications, major nerves and blood vessels present make this site problematic. A British study suggests â€Å"as previous studies have shown the low efficacy of gluteal intramuscular injections, this route should be avoided for most drugs† (Cocoman Murray, 2010. P. 1171). As the sciatic nerve lies only a few centimeters from the injection site, injuries pose a significant threat, making the need for accurately identifying landmarks especially important. An alternative site is the ventrogluteal, seen by many as the preferred site. This site provides the greatest thickness of gluteal muscle and is free from penetrating nerves and blood vessels (Cocoman Murray 2010). Despite evidence favoring the ventrogluteal site, nurses are slow to use it, relying on the much taught and used dorsogluteal site. â€Å"Studies show that only 12% of American nursing staff uses the ventrogluteal site† (Cocoman Murray 2010. P. 1172). Studies suggest that some reasons the site is not used is because of nurses’ unfamiliarity in locating the site and potential needle stick injury. Unfortunately, nurses have not come to realize that when using the V method, the non injecting hand is to be removed, as it’s only used for visual land marking (Cocoman Murray 2010). Throughout this paper we have discussed the integration of evidence based practice into nursing from various articles. In the various articles the authors talked about evidence based practice compared to evidence based nursing, the integration of evidence based practice in RN-BSN programs. We also discussed the article on a clinical example which suggested that the ventrogluteal intramuscular injection site over the dorsogluteal site is preferred when it comes to positive patient outcomes.

Classical Theory: The Good Son :: essays research papers fc

After watching the movie the good son I found a lot to similarities between what went on and the classical theory. I plan on highlighting Cesare Beccaria’s classical theories central assumptions and giving examples of events that occurred in the movie to connect the two. To setup some of the story I’ll introduce you to the characters and what their role is throughout the movie. The mother and father are Wallace and Susan Evans, and their children are Henry and Connie. After Mark Evans mother dies, and his father Jack goes out of town on business Mark is sent to live with his Uncle Wallace and Aunt Susan and their two kids for three weeks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The classical theory is one that believes that human beings were believed to act in terms of their own self-interest, but also to be capable of considering which course of action was really in their self-interest(Classical 1). Also the classical theorists believed that people were free willed, making them completely responsible for their actions(Bohm 12). The state would then construct laws and punishments in such a way that people would understand peaceful and non-criminal actions to be in their self-interest through strategies of punishment based on deterrence(Classical 1). When it came to punishing individuals, Beccaria believed that the only purpose for punishment was for deterrence to make sure that that individual or anyone else who knew of the crime did not also commit the same crime(Bohm 14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the assumptions that the classical theory makes is that it assumes that everyone is motivated to engage in crime through the pursuit of their self-interests(Agnew 17). As a child most of what you do is in the pursuit of your own self-interest, at least so it seems at the time. In the beginning of the movie the crimes start out slow that Henry commits and seems to drag Mark into every time he does, but with them being so small Mark does not think anything of them. For instance, the two boys start throwing rocks acting as they were grenades and it then escalades into throwing the rocks through panes of glass on the building that they are inside of. Another example, it is right after that point in the movie that Henry takes Mark to a well and pulls a box out of the well that he has hidden. Inside the box are a lighter and some cigarettes that Henry lights up and gets Mark to take a drag.

Looking at the Contemporary Generation Essay

The literary historian Malcolm Cowley described the years between the two world wars as a second flowering of American writing. Certainly American literature attained a new maturity and a rich diversity in the 1920s and ’30s, and significant works by several major figures from those decades were published after 1945. Faulkner, Hemingway, Kerouac, Steinbeck, and Katherine Anne Porter wrote memorable fictions. In the post-war period, many Americans felt fractured from reality and found themselves struggling to piece together their identities. The proposed national identity was that of prosperity, hope and success but in the years following the war and in the wake of losing so many citizens, many Americans did not see themselves in the same line. Instead they were experiencing hardship, hopelessness and constant struggle to rebuild their lives in a war torn nation. This attitude is what prevailed in much of the post-war literature along with the various ways in which people sought to recompose themselves. The disillusioned mass found their voice in the page of Hemingway and Kerouac. As it is said that literature speaks for the contemporary society, and as long before P. B. Shelley had once said that Poets are the unacknowledged legislatures of the world, hence it was the serious effort of Hemingway and Kerouac that made the contemporary society to rebuild their world in a new way. Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises and Kerouac’s On the Road; are the two catalogue of contemporary society which makes the world understand the prevailing circumstances of that time. The post World War-II era of the American society witnessed many changes. There was certain change in the socio-cultural outlook of the society. The ideology of Beat Generation emerged during this point of time. Central elements of Beat culture include a rejection of mainstream values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern religion. The literary movement of the Beat Generation exploded into American consciousness with two books in the late 1950s. The first one was Howl and Other Poems by Allen Ginsberg, published in 1956. The book achieved notoriety when poet and bookstore owner Lawrence Ferlinghetti went to trial for selling it in San Francisco. The second book had an even more profound cultural effect when it was published. Jack Kerouac’s On the Road, published in 1957, was viewed as nothing less than a manifesto for the Beat Generation. However the Beat literary movement was short-lived. Most of the work Kerouac published in the 1960s had been written during his creative peak in the 1950s. Beat literature retains its popularity decades later because the writers of the Beat Generation must ultimately be judged by their work, not by any real or imagined influence on popular culture. Allen Ginsberg’s poetry is still revered. The nightmarish visions of William Burroughs continue to influence post-Modern writers. Finally Kerouac’s On the Road is still a campus favorite, and continues to draw scholarly criticism. Jack Kerouac had a major influence on an entire generation of Americans following the publication of On the Road, his semi-autobiographical novel that became the bible of the Beat Generation in the 1950s. Kerouac’s impact continued into the next decade as the hippie movement developed during the 1960s and writers such as Ken Kesey, Tom Robbins, and songwriter Bob Dylan produced works influenced by Kerouac’s spontaneous, confessional, free-thinking style. On the Road is, the story of two young men, Sal Paradise and Dean Moriarty, who travel frantically back and forth across the American continent seeking thrills. The novel is actually a thinly veiled account of Kerouac’s own life in the late 1940s, when he fell under the spell of a charismatic drifter named Neal Cassady (represented by Moriarty in the novel). Every episode in the novel was inspired by real-life events. The book shocked readers in 1957 with its depiction of drug use and promiscuous sex. Many critics attacked the work as evidence of the increasing immorality of American youth. Other critics saw it as a groundbreaking work of originality. American readers, fascinated with the bohemian lifestyle of the characters, turned the novel into a bestseller. This novel is about Sal Paradise, a writer and college student, lives in Paterson, New Jersey with his aunt. He spends much of his time with his eccentric and artistic friends in New York City. One of his friends, Chad King, introduces him to Dean Moriarty, a young man recently released from a reformatory in New Mexico. Dean spends the winter in New York and then he moves back west to Denver in the spring. A few months later, Sal follows him to Colorado. Sal move toward west, learning more about him and the many intriguing people he meets along the way. He arrives in Denver and connects with a group of his New York friends. He moves into an apartment with his friend Roland Major, but Sal is anxious to see Dean who is on a tight schedule, hustling back and forth between his wife, Marylou, and his girlfriend, Camille. Sal roars around Denver with Dean and other friends and goes to a party in Central City. After a few weeks, he leaves on a bus for San Francisco. In San Francisco, Sal moves in with his friend, Remi Boncoeur, and Remi’s girlfriend, Lee Ann. Remi gets Sal a job as a special policeman at a barracks for overseas workers. Sal hates working with the other cops there who are miserable and narrow-minded. After a few months, Sal leaves San Francisco and travels to Los Angeles. On the bus he meets Terry, a young Mexican-American woman, and they fall in love. Sal goes with Terry to Sabinal, her hometown near Bakersfield. He meets her family, moves into a tent with her and her young son, Johnny, and gets a job picking cotton. But he soon realizes that he can’t make enough money to support Terry and her son. He persuades Terry to move back with her family and he returns to his life in New York. Sal’s and Dean’s friendship throughout the novel reflects the buddy themes found in much classic and pop culture. They are two men sharing travel experiences. Their relationship is a part of the male bonding stereotype. Yet, what they have transcends a typical friendship. Through their adventures and travels, they become comrades and brothers. Dean’s madness envelops Sal; Dean can make the mundane extraordinary for Sal. Their deeds and misdeeds bond them together in a way that ordinary friendship rarely does. Friendship also plays a role in the Beat culture that Kerouac describes. It is only when Sal’s group of friends was together that he can truly experience the kind of life they want to live. In On the Road, however, friendship is also a power that can destroy. Sal eventually sees his relationship with Dean as destructive. During their final journey he laments Dean’s coming to take him to Mexico. Dean, and the subculture represented by Sal’s Beat friends, come to represent the destruction of the traditional values of American society like family and relationship. This kind of individualist subversion is one of the themes of the novel, and Sal can sense that something is being lost by this destruction. During the final journey, Sal realizes that the destructive nature of this kind of friendship can have severe consequences for the people surrounding him and Dean. On the Road deals also with the sense of adventure and exploration in two main ways. First, there is the story of exploration. For Sal, the country and towns that lie before him represent new adventures. Through his first journey, Sal understands himself to be one in the long line of explorers and settlers who went west to find a new life. Sal mythologizes much of the American West during his trip. He sees the possibilities of time and existence in the Mississippi River, echoing other great American writers such as Mark Twain. In the Denver mining town he finds a sense of the Old West, a time of cowboys and dangerous frontiers. As he picks cotton with other migrant farm workers, he imagines himself to be a part of that culture and those who farmed and worked civilization into being in the American West. Yet, the second sense in which On the Road deals with the American West takes a much sadder tone. In this way, the novel comments on and criticizes its times. Just a year before the book was published, in 1956, President Eisenhower had signed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, which formally began the construction of the Interstate Highway System. A plan for the system had been in the works since 1921, and this was just one of many signs that America was taming its West. Sal realizes through the novel that though modernity and technology are bringing greater access to transportation and to places in the West, there are fewer and fewer places to be discovered. Sal confronts this reality as he visits the Wild West Festival in Cheyenne, a tourist attraction that can only simulate the real Wild West. The mining town outside of Denver has also ceased to be a true part of the West, being now a part of tourist culture. Sal and Dean also feel sadness for the Indian cultures of the mountains of Mexico; for they realize that the coming of a highway means the destruction of their culture. By the end of the novel, the reader begins to understand that any road that leads to the American West brings with it the potential destruction of culture even as it gives freedom to the traveler or tourist. The aspect of On the Road that has been most criticized in the decades following the novel’s release has been Kerouac’s portrayal of the relationships between men and women. While Kerouac himself was roundly criticizing the social structures of family and work that kept men from finding a truer way of life, his novel failed to record the plight of the women being subjected to the same pressures and conventions of society. More to the point, the characters seem unsympathetic to the toll that the women have to pay in meeting the appetites and helping with the travels of the men. In the story the life that Sal and Dean want to live is one that rejects all notions of authority and rule. Dean has little regard for the law and conventions of society. Authority is seen in the novel through the pleadings of the maternal characters for Dean and Sal to settle down and fulfill their responsibilities, and it is most clearly understood in the various run-ins that the group of Beats has with law enforcement. Anarchy in the individual eventually confronts the authority of society. Kerouac used mobility, alongside other themes, to express resistance to established norms in the culture of the United States during the nineteen fifties. The use of mobility in both the content and the structure of the novel and relate it to expectations of family, progress and attached sexuality. This resistance is ambiguous in that it rebels against ideals of family and home at the same time as it reproduces the established American mythology of mobile, male outlaws. This interpretation is placed in the context of the counter-culture of the nineteen fifties and nineteen sixties in the United States which was a period when many young people were striking out against the presuppositions of rootedness, family values and the ‘-American Dream. Using the insights of new cultural geography and cultural studies and the use of mobility in this story; is a key text in the counter-culture, which represents a contestation of a central theme in American culture. Mobility is clearly an important part of North American mythology and as such it is open to change and challenge from resistant sub-cultures. Apart from Kerouac, it was Hemingway who contributed a lot in the making of emotions of the people in the post World War era. Ernest Hemingway’s first novel, The Sun Also Rises, remains as a romance and a guidebook. It also became a modern-day courtesy book on how to behave in the waste land Europe had become after the Great War. The Sun Also Rises successfully portrays its characters as survivors of a lost generation. In addition, the novel was the most modern an American author had yet produced, and the ease with which it could be read endeared it to many. But for all its apparent simplicity, the novel’s innovation lay in its ironic style that interjected complex themes without being didactic. Generally this novel is considered to be Hemingway’s most satisfying work. The material for the novel resulted from a journey Hemingway made with his first wife, Hadley Richardson, and several friends to Pamplona, Spain, in 1925. Among them was Lady Duff Twysden, a beautiful socialite with whom Hemingway was in love (the inspiration for the novel’s Lady Brett Ashley). There was also a Jewish novelist and boxer named Harold Loeb (source of Robert Cohn) whom Hemingway threatened after learning that he and Lady Duff had had an affair. Lady Duff’s companion was a bankrupt Briton (like Mike Campbell). The trip ended poorly when Lady Duff and her companion left their bills unpaid. The ending of the novel is only slightly more tragic, yet it recovers those precious values which make life livable in a war-wearied world: friendship, stoicism, and natural grace. The Sun Also Rises is as much an extended character study as it is a novel where the story being told is no more important than the characters being examined. The five central characters are expatriates living in Paris and are members of the lost generation, â€Å"You are all a lost generation† [Hemingway, Epigraph] caught up in the sense of despair and disenchantment which followed the First World War. There is no real hero amongst those five; each possesses a flaw which prevents this status being reached. The Sun Also Rises concerns a group of Americans living in Europe during the 1920s. The narrator and principal character is Jake Barnes, a newspaper correspondent. The leading female character is Lady Brett Ashley. In the course of the novel, we learn that her husband, a British officer, was killed in World War I and that she was a nurse in the hospital where Jake Barnes was sent after he suffered a disabling injury in combat. Serving as the narrative voice throughout, Jake begins the story by talking about his past and current relationship to another character, Robert Cohn, who will subsequently figure in the plot but who is not the novel’s protagonist. Jake tells us that Cohn comes from a wealthy Jewish family and that he attended college at Princeton where he distinguished himself on the boxing team. When Cohn’s first wife left him, he took up with a young woman named Frances Clyne, and she went with him to Paris where he wrote his first novel. Although Jake speaks of Cohn as a friend, there is a certain antagonism beneath the surface. Jake characterizes Cohn’s book as poor and admits that he lied to his friend to get out of a proposed trip to South America. It is in the book’s second chapter that Jake fills us in on himself. It is there that we learn the narrator is currently a foreign correspondent working in Paris for an American newspaper. Jake also tells us that he was wounded in World War I and that his injury has left him in the supremely frustrating condition of being impotent without diminishing his sexual desire. Jake brings the tale into the present night at the Cafe Napolitan, a popular haunt of the lost generation and the avant garde in the Left Bank district of Paris. He meets and buys a drink for a local prostitute, Georgette, and when they go to another trendy spot, the Cafe Select, they encounter Robert Cohn and his fiancee, Frances. The high point of the scene comes with the arrival of Lady Brett Ashley accompanied by a group of extraordinarily handsome (and possibly gay) young men. Brett exudes sexuality and sophistication. Cohn is enthralled by her, but she refuses his request to dance and leaves the night club with Jake. The first-person narration of Jake Barnes is sometimes referred to as a roman a clef. A roman a clef is a story understandable only to those who have a key for deciphering the real persons and places behind the story. The story of Jake Barnes resembles the real events of the summer of 1925 in the life of Hemingway and his friends. Still there is enough difference that no key is needed for understanding. The novel stands on its own whether or not the reader knows on whom the character Lady Brett Ashley is based. The Sun Also Rises is an impressive document of the people who came to be known, in as the â€Å"Lost Generation†. The young generation had their dreams and innocence smashed by World War I, â€Å"Nobody ever lives their life all the way up except bull-fighters† [Hemingway, 10] emerged from the war bitter and aimless, and spent much of the prosperous 1920s drinking and partying away their frustrations. Jake epitomizes the Lost Generation; physically and emotionally wounded from the war, he is disillusioned, cares little about conventional sources of hope such as family, friends, religion, and work and apathetically drinks his way through his expatriate life. One of the key changes Hemingway observes in the Lost Generation is that of the new male psyche, battered by the war and newly domesticated. Jake embodies this new emasculation; most likely physically impotent, he cannot have sex and, therefore, can never have the insatiable Brett. Instead, he is dominated by her, as also Cohn who is also abused by the other women in his life. Jake is even threatened by the homosexual men who dance with Brett in Paris; while not sexually interested in her, they have more manhood than Jake, physically speaking. Hemingway’s spare, laconic prose was influenced by his early work as a journalist, and he has probably had the greatest stylistic influence over 20th-century American writers of anyone. The key to Hemingway’s style is omission; we usually learn less about Jake through his direct interior narration, but more through what he leaves out and how he reacts to others. For instance, we understand him much better through his thoughts on Cohn, who shares many of Jake’s traits. As an example of how much Hemingway omits, Jake never even fully describes his war injury, leaving it somewhat open to interpretation. There are two primary questions which Hemmingway asks readers to contemplate in The Sun Also Rises. The first is whether or not unconditional love is a sign of weakness or strength. The second is whether or not the sexual triumphs of a man are indicative of his level of manhood. Both of these questions define the theme of this masterful literary achievement, which centers on the balance of power between the strengths and weaknesses which are battled within us and within our relationships. Both the World Wars resulted in a vigorous change in the society, in term of socio-economic and socio-cultural attitude. It was natural for the generation of that contemporary time to be under immense confusion and disillusionment. However it was the literary genius of both Hemingway and Kerouac to evaluate the current impulse of the generations and they were triumphant in their attempts, which is proved in the success of their concept in both the novel The Sun Also Rises and On The Road, as both these story depicts the real sentiments of the contemporary generations. References: 1. Hemingway Earnest. , 1995, The Sun Also Rises, Scribner, New York: USA 2. Cresswell Tim. , 1993, Mobility as Resistance: A Geographical Reading of Kerouac’s ‘On the Road’, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford: UK 3. Kerouac Jack. , 2007, On The Road, Viking Penguin, USA 4. Elliott Ira. , 1995, Performance Art: Jake Barnes and â€Å"Masculine† Signification in The Sun Also Rises, Duke University Press, USA

The Representation of African Americans in the Media and...

Introduction In popular culture, specifically American television, representations of African Americans often rely upon an array of stereotypes. Representation is the production of meaning through language or signifying systems. In media, the dominant stereotypes of African Americans include the sapphire, the coon, the jezebel, and the buck. These stereotypes originated during the minstrelsy period of the 1830s from white actors in blackface. While classic Black stereotypes originated during this period, they have carried on past the stage onto the small screen today. Television is a complex site of power where African Americans themselves have enacted these aforementioned stereotypes, particularly in the situation comedy genre. African†¦show more content†¦Also completing the cast are RB singers K.Michelle and Karlie Redd (Love and Hip Hop Atlanta, 2013). The show is known much less for hip hop and much more for its drama. The first season surrounds the love triangle between Stevie J, Mimi, and Joseline. Stevie J’s â€Å"chronic infidelity† has been criticized as a form of abuse (Abrams, 2012). Abrams (2012) gave an opinion piece on The Grio’s website that had received much attention. She believes that showing unhealthy relationships with emotional abuse and chronic infidelity is â€Å"contributing to and condoning a culture of misogyny that sanctions the abuse of black women† (Abrams). She feared that trivializing destructive behavior in entertainment will cause viewers to be unable to handle these behaviors in their own lives. Communication Problem In communication scholarship, there isn’t enough understanding of how reality show audiences feel about what they watch. The purpose in conducting this study is to develop an understanding of how audiences interpret performed identities in reality television. There needs to be more discussion of the present state of reality television. 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