The League of Nations

The League of Nations was an international organization that existed between 1920 and 1946. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the League of Nations vowed to promote international cooperation and preserve global peace. The League achieved some success, but it ultimately was unable to prevent the even deadlier World War II. The League of Nations was the predecessor to todays more effective United Nations. Goals of the Organization World War I (1914-1918) had caused the deaths of at least 10 million soldiers and millions of civilians. The Allied victors of the war wanted to form an international organization that would prevent another horrific war. American President Woodrow Wilson was especially instrumental in formulating and advocating the idea of a League of Nations. The League arbitrated disputes between member countries in order to peacefully preserve sovereignty and territorial rights. The League encouraged countries to reduce their amount of military weapons. Any country that resorted to war would be subject to economic sanctions such as a halt to trade. Member Countries   The League of Nations was founded in 1920 by forty-two countries. At its height in 1934 and 1935, the League had 58 member countries. The member countries of the League of Nations spanned the globe and included most of Southeast Asia, Europe, and South America. At the time of the League of Nations, nearly all of Africa consisted of colonies of Western powers. The United States never joined the League of Nations because the largely isolationist Senate refused to ratify the Leagues charter. The official languages of the League were English, French, and Spanish. Administrational Structure The League of Nations was administrated by three main bodies. The Assembly, composed of representatives from all member countries, met annually and discussed the priorities and budget of the organization. The Council was composed of four permanent members (Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan) and several non-permanent members who were elected by the permanent members every three years. The Secretariat, led by a Secretary-General, monitored many of the humanitarian agencies described below. Political Success The League of Nations was successful in preventing several small wars. The League negotiated settlements to territorial disputes between Sweden and Finland, Poland and Lithuania, and Greece and Bulgaria. The League of Nations also successfully administered the former colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire, including Syria, Nauru, and Togoland, until they were ready for independence. Humanitarian Success   The League of Nations was one of the worlds first humanitarian organizations. The League created and directed several agencies that were meant to improve the living conditions of the worlds people. The League: aided refugeestried to end slavery and the drug tradeset standards on working conditionsconstructed better transportation and communications networksgave financial assistance and advice to some member countriesadministered the Permanent Court of International Justice (precursor to todays International Court of Justice)tried to prevent malnutrition and diseases such as leprosy and malaria (precursor to todays World Health Organization)promoted culture preservation and scientific advancement (precursor to todays UNESCO). Political Failures The League of Nations was unable to enforce many of its own regulations because it did not have a military. The League did not stop several of the most significant events that led to World War II. Examples of League of Nations failures include: the 1935 invasion of Ethiopia by Italythe annexation of the Sudetenland and Austria by Germanythe invasion of Manchuria (the northeastern Chinese province) by Japan in 1932 The Axis countries (Germany, Italy, and Japan) withdrew from the League because they refused to comply with the Leagues order to not militarize. The End of the Organization The members of the League of Nations knew that many changes within the organization had to occur after World War II. The League of Nations was disbanded in 1946. An improved international organization, the United Nations, was carefully discussed and formed, based on many of the political and social goals of the League of Nations. Lessons Learned The League of Nations had the diplomatic, compassionate goal of generating permanent international stability, but the organization was unable to avert conflicts which would ultimately change human history. Thankfully the worlds leaders realized the Leagues shortcomings and reinforced its objectives in the modern-day successful United Nations.

Marketing Non-Green Products in a Green-Conscious World Research Proposal

Essays on Marketing Non-Green Products in a Green-Conscious World Research Proposal The paper â€Å"Marketing Non-Green Products in a Green-Conscious World† is an exciting variant of research proposal on marketing. The general subject area of â€Å"green marketing† encompasses a vast array of topics and study disciplines which have been researched extensively. Given the breadth of the subject, the challenge in designing a new research project is in finding a focus  that is both sufficiently narrow and original, so that the research can produce a practical result that adds to the existing body of knowledge.In preparing this research proposal, a number of questions immediately come to mind: How do green brands affect buyer behaviour? Can ‘non-green’ brands compete in a retail market of increasingly ‘green-conscious’ consumers? Should traditionally ‘non-green’ retailers consider a more green approach in promoting their products, and if so, how? Thus, this research will focus on an aspect of green marketing that has largely been overlooked by previous studies: Much work has been done on the marketing of ‘green’ products, but very little if any has been done on the impact of ‘green-consciousness’ on products that neither presents themselves as green nor are regarded as such by consumers.Even if it is assumed that environmentally-friendly ‘green’ products are superior to ‘non-green’ products and are preferred by consumers, there are products that for various reasons cannot be made ‘green’. The UK grocery market is a very good area in which to study the effects of green-consciousness on non-green products, because a large variety of competing products are presented to the consumer at once, often without much differentiation; a household cleaner touted as ecologically-friendly may share shelf space with a comparable chemical-based product that makes no similar claim, for example. If the consumer chooses the green product, what is his motivation for doing so? Is that motivation based more on the ‘green’ attributes of the product or more on the rejection of the ‘non-green’ aspects of the other? Are there other motivations, such as price or perceptions of product quality, that inform the consumer’s choice, and to what degree? Are these behaviours by the consumer applied uniformly to choices amongst a variety of products, and if not, why? And most importantly, how can the answers to these questions be put to practical use by-product marketers? Answering this last question will be the main objective of this proposed research.Background Relevant LiteraturePeattie and Crane (2005) peg the start of the green marketing phenomenon in the late 1980s, marked by a surge in green marketing efforts by businesses and a corresponding increase in academic research on the subject. The sheer volume of research on the subject is impressive; a casual search for â€Å"green marketing UK† in th e Emerald database returns nearly 3,000 academic articles or books. In addition, there are thousands of non-academic resources available on the Internet. Clearly, green marketing is a hot topic. A preliminary review of the literature and other resources, reflected by the example reference list at the end of this paper, reveals that research and commentary on green marketing can be divided between two broad categories: Marketing Strategy and Application, and Consumer Behaviour. These two subject areas are far from being mutually-exclusive; consumer behaviour determines marketing strategy, which in turn modifies consumer behaviour in an endless cycle of cause-and-effect. Nonetheless, to impose some sort of effective organisation on the present research, it is helpful to discuss these subject areas separately.

Clinical Research Investigator

Question: Describe about the major responsibilities of a clinical research investigator? Answer: Introduction: Clinical research is a research which requires group of people to examine the safety, tolerance, dose and action of a drug. Clinical research obeys a pre- planned protocol. Clinical trial is also known as clinical research. A clinical investigator regulates the full method of clinical research. And the clinical investigator is responsible for all the process. Clinical investigators have so many responsibilities. And the investigator should follow them to get a perfect and appropriate result of the clinical research. It is mandatory to check and follow the plan of clinical research because a fail of clinical research means wastage of huge money. So all the member who are associated to clinical research should have enough knowledge to achieve the goal. Body: The clinical investigators regulate good clinical practice. The clinical investigators prepare a design of the clinical research and also maintain the quality of the clinical research. A good clinical practice is delivered by International Conference of Harmonization Guidelines (investigator responsibilities - regulation and clinical trials, 2015). Good Clinical Practice is a standard for conduct, monitoring, design, performance, reporting, auditing of clinical trials that produces guarantee that the reported results and data are believable and precise. The design of clinical trial certifies the integrity and quality of data which are assembled in clinical trial and also secures the safety, rights and welfare of participants of research. The whole clinical research is performed in the supervision of the clinical investigator. The clinical research investigator is an independent person who actually organizes a clinical research. By the instant direction the new drug is distribut ed to a subject (Guidance for Industry Investigator Responsibilities Protecting the Rights, Safety, and Welfare of Study Subjects, 2015). The investigation is regulated by a team of persons and the head is the clinical research investigator in the whole team. The investigator is also responsible for each of the opinion of the whole team. The investigator conducts and begins the investigations. The clinical research investigator has the power to control and stop the research immediately. The clinical research investigator should have appropriate knowledge to perform, conduct, design, monitoring the whole research. It is the responsibility of the clinical research investigator to supervise and conduct the research process. The investigator should inform the subject initially that it is the investigational process of new drug development. The clinical research investigator has some general responsibilities, and also they control the drug which is used for the research (Ccr.med.keio.ac .jp, 2015). It is the responsibility of the clinical research investigator to keep the record and hold the record for further investigation. The clinical research investigator should maintain the sufficient record of the character of the drug. It is the responsibility of clinical research investigator to keep all clinical data and also precise case history. The investigator should maintain the data appropriate to the investigation on each person administered and also investigational drug which is used as control (Baer et al., 2011). An investigator is needed to preserve all the clinical record data. The clinical trial data are preserved for two years because two years are required for the approval of the marketing application for the investigational drugs. The drug is investigated for the approval of marketing application. After two years the investigation is terminated if the marketing application is not approved. There are four investigator reports. And the reports are safety repo rts, progress report, final report and financial disclosure. It is the responsibility of the investigator to cover any adverse effects that is shocking or life threatening or serious or surprising. The clinical research investigator punctually covers any adverse event which is caused by the drug (roles and responsibilities in clinical trial, 2015). The clinical research investigator responsibilities are control of investigational drug, record holding and keeping and report forming. The clinical research investigator is disqualificated if the frequently intentional failure is observed. So the responsibility of the investigator is very important. Food and Drug Administration delivers a notice to the clinical research investigator and gives a chance to explain. Conclusion: The responsibility of the clinical research investigator is very crucial. And the clinical research investigator is responsible for the whole process (Nichd.nih.gov, 2015). A set of people or a specific person in required in clinical research. Their actions or tissues are needed for the study of clinical research. So the full method is very critical to handle. And the responsibility of a investigator is very important because the whole method of clinical research depends on the clinical research investigator. A predefined procedure or a master plan is needed for developing a clinical research. And this predefined procedure or master plan is created by the clinical research investigator. So the responsibility of the clinical research investigator is very important and significant. References: Baer, A., Devine, S., Beardmore, C. and Catalano, R. (2011). Clinical Investigator Responsibilities.Journal of Oncology Practice, 7(2), pp.124-128. Ccr.med.keio.ac.jp, (2015).Module 3: Investigator Role Responsibilities. [online] Available at: https://www.ccr.med.keio.ac.jp/e_learning/UM_E-Learning_US/mod03/index.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Guidance for Industry Investigator Responsibilities Protecting the Rights, Safety, and Welfare of Study Subjects. (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/UCM187772.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. investigator responsibilities - regulation and clinical trials. (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Training/ClinicalInvestigatorTrainingCourse/UCM283301.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Nichd.nih.gov, (2015).Clinical Trials Clinical Research. [online] Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/clinicalresearch/Pages/index.aspx [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. roles and responsibilities in clinical trial. (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.centerwatch.com/pdfs/s11604_ch4.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015].